Acne is one of the most common skin conditions, affecting millions of people at various stages of life. While it is most prevalent among teenagers, it can persist or even start in adulthood, leading to physical discomfort and emotional distress. This article provides a comprehensive overview of acne, from its causes and types to self-care tips and effective treatments.

What is Acne?

It occurs when hair follicles in the skin become blocked, leading to spots, oily skin, and sometimes skin that feels hot or painful to touch. This condition is most commonly found on the

Face – affecting nearly everyone with acne.

Back – impacting more than half of those with acne.

Chest – affecting about 15% of people with acne.

What Causes Acne?

It develops when sebaceous glands near the skin’s surface produce too much sebum (an oily substance that lubricates the hair and skin). Excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells, forming a plug that blocks the follicle.

When this blocked follicle bulges out, it creates a whitehead. If it remains open, it makes a blackhead. Bacteria naturally present on the skin can then infect these plugged follicles, leading to more severe acne types such as papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts.

Several factors can contribute to the development of acne:

Hormonal Changes

One of the leading causes of acne is hormonal fluctuations, particularly during:

Puberty – Increased testosterone levels stimulate the sebaceous glands, producing excess sebum.

Menstrual cycles – Many women experience acne flare-ups just before their period.

Pregnancy – Acne is common during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – This hormonal disorder is associated with acne, weight gain, and cyst formation in the ovaries.

Genetics

Acne often runs in families. If your parents experienced acne, there’s a higher chance you’ll develop it, too. Studies suggest that hereditary acne may start earlier and be more severe, significantly if both parents were affected.

Lifestyle and External Factors

Cosmetic products – Modern non-comedogenic products are less likely to clog pores, but some may still contribute to acne.

Certain medications – Steroids, lithium, and some anti-epileptic drugs can trigger acne.

Pressure on the skin – Wearing headbands, backpacks, or other items that rub against the skin can cause flare-ups.

Smoking – Smoking has been linked to acne, particularly in older adults.

Myths About Acne

Despite being widespread, acne remains one of the most misunderstood skin conditions. Let’s debunk some common myths:

Myth: “Acne is caused by poor hygiene.”

Fact: Acne starts beneath the skin, not on its surface. Over washing can irritate the skin and make symptoms worse.

Myth: “A poor diet causes acne.”

Fact: There’s no evidence that specific foods directly cause acne. However, a balanced diet is beneficial for overall health.

Myth: “Sunlight cures acne.”

Fact: While a tan might temporarily hide acne, prolonged sun exposure can worsen it and increase skin cancer risks.

Myth: “Squeezing spots helps clear acne.”

Fact: Popping spots can cause scarring and worsen inflammation.

Types of Acne

Acne manifests in several forms, categorised by the type of spot:

Blackheads – Small black or yellow bumps caused by pigmentation, not dirt.

Whiteheads – Similar to blackheads but firmer and resistant to squeezing.

Papules – Red, tender bumps.

Pustules – Papules with a white, pus-filled centre.

Nodules – Hard, painful lumps beneath the skin’s surface.

Cysts – Large, pus-filled lumps resembling boils that can cause scarring.

Diagnosing Acne

Your skin specialist will assess the severity of your acne based on the number and type of spots present:

Grade 1 (Mild): Mainly whiteheads and blackheads, with occasional papules and pustules.

Grade 2 (Moderate): Multiple papules and pustules, primarily on the face.

Grade 3 (Moderately Severe): Widespread papules, pustules, and occasional nodules on the face, chest, and back.

Grade 4 (Severe): Numerous painful nodules and cysts, with a high risk of scarring.

Self-Care Tips for Managing Acne

While acne cannot permanently be cured, its symptoms can be managed with proper skin care and habits:

Wash affected areas twice daily with a mild cleanser and lukewarm water. Avoid over washing.

Don’t squeeze spots, as this can lead to scarring.

Use non-comedogenic, water-based cosmetics and remove makeup before bed.

Avoid excessively hot or cold water, as both can irritate the skin.

Shower promptly after exercising, as sweat can aggravate acne.

Keep your hair clean and away from your face.

Treatment Options

Over-the-Counter Treatments

Mild acne can often be treated with pharmacy products like benzoyl peroxide, which reduces bacteria and helps unclog pores.

Prescription Treatments

For moderate to severe acne, consult a skin specialist for treatments such as:

Topical retinoids – Promote skin cell turnover to prevent clogged pores.

Topical antibiotics – Reduce skin bacteria and inflammation.

Oral antibiotics – Treat deeper acne infections.

Hormonal therapies – Suitable for women with hormonal acne, including contraceptive pills.

Isotretinoin – A potent medication for severe acne that reduces sebum production and inflammation.

Advanced Acne Treatments at CF

At CF, we specialise in cutting-edge acne treatments tailored to your skin’s needs. Our options include:

Obagi Medical Systems – Proven skincare solutions for acne-prone skin and acne-related scarring and pigmentation.

Microneedling – Stimulates collagen production to improve acne scars.

Custom skincare regimens – Developed specifically for your skin type and condition.

Acne treatment can take time—often 2–3 months before noticeable improvements—but the results can be life-changing with patience and persistence.

Complications of Acne

Scarring

Severe acne can leave scars, including:

Ice pick scars – Small, deep holes in the skin.

Rolling scars – Uneven skin caused by scar tissue bands.

Boxcar scars – Round or oval depressions in the skin.

Emotional Impact

Acne often affects confidence and mental health. If acne is making you feel anxious, withdrawn, or depressed, seek support from a healthcare professional.

Ready to Reclaim Your Confidence?

At CF, we understand the physical and emotional toll acne can take. Our expert team is here to help you achieve healthier, clearer skin. Visit confidencefillers.com to book a no-obligation consultation today and start your journey to rediscovering your confidence!

By Hussain Ismail, MPharm, PGDipMAes, MRPharmS

Aesthetics Medical Practitioner & Pharmacist Clinician